some not so simple questions about fassbinder’s berlin alexanderplatz
by Douglas Messerli
Rainer Werner Fassbinder (writer,
based on a fiction by Alfred Döblin, and director) Berlin
Alexanderplatz / 1980
I have always
resisted introducing a work by proclaiming its difficulties. A good reviewer,
presumably, should be able to resolve those before beginning to write or, at
least, during the process. But the very ambitiousness and commensurate success
(as well as its failures) of Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s 15 ½ hour, 14-part
original television series, Berlin
Alexanderplatz, if nothing else, takes one’s breath way—and all this after
its creator having already directed some 40 previous films over little more
than a decade. Even in order to watch the work one has to hunker down, hour
after hour, suffering what critic Tom Tykwer describes as “a stretched out
temporality” that “creates an elliptical sensation. For a while your
concentration is so completely distracted from the narrative chain of cause and
effect that you almost lose your orientation and ask yourself, in view of such
a total standstill, whether the story will ever get moving again.”
And there is the nearly nauseating
feeling that arises from watching a work centered upon a heavy-set, lumbering,
stupid, often drunk, sexual manipulator such as Franz Bieberkopf (brilliantly
performed by Günter Lamprecht), who has already killed one of his lovers, Ida,
in a drunken fit of anger and, who, after serving 4 years in Berlin’s Tegel
prison, stumbles out into the daylight like Simpliclus Simplicissimus (one of
the original author, Dōblin’s, numerous literary influences) determined to be a
“good man.” In fact, both Döblin’s and Fassbinder’s inverted picaresque takes
us circle by circle into an ever spiraling downward voyage through the German
hell of the Weimar Republic to reach the anvil of Nazi horrors at its end.
Yes, there is also much comic about
following Franz the dolt about the Berlin streets and into the numerous houses,
bars, and underground passages through which he makes his way. And, despite the
horrible mess a human being he represents, there is something sweet and even
dream-like about the man’s (and actor Lamprecht’s) almost putty-like face. If
one moment Franz is a snarling monster of a mad-man, in the very next he is a
sweet, loving simpleton asking for his lovers’ and, by extension, our forgiveness. Each time he acts
badly, Franz’ landlady Frau Bast (Brigitte Mira), Eva (Hanna Schygulla), his
former lover for whom he played pimp, and many of his current lovers willingly
forgive him; but increasingly it becomes harder and harder to sympathize let
alone admire such an oaf.
Which brings us, certainly, to our very
first question: why are so many dozens of women, particularly Eva; Franz’s
first lover after imprisonment, Lina (Elisabeth Trissenaar); the widow he encounters
while selling shoelaces; his friend Reinhold’s cast-offs, Fränze (Helen Vita)
and Cilly (Annemarie Düringer); and particularly the beautifully young girl
from Breslau, Mieze (Barbara Sukowa) all attracted to this semi-bestial slob?
Yes, Franz may seem loveably malleable, like always shifting face, and,
accordingly, a man that quickly can be made over. Perhaps he is even a reliable
lover, although early in the film there is evidence that Franz has some
difficulty in getting in erection. But what does it say about Berlin culture
that all these women gather round him, many, like Eva and Mieze, perfectly
willing to work as prostitutes to support him?
Ignoring the widow, whose dead husband
looked somewhat like Franz, what does it say about a world which some writers
such as Robert Beachy have declared “no one was a virgin,” that Franz is given
such latitude with women, whom he falls in love with before beating and
betraying them? If Döblin and Fassbinder, each in their own way, are depicting a
world in which women are treated little better than cattle, beasts to fattened
up for male pleasure, their behaviors clearly represent these women’s own
willingness to offer their bodies up for a kind of sacrificial slaughter.
We can speculate, of course, that in a
city where a large percentage of the males are unemployed, that there are
perhaps only two other choices, prostitution or robbery. Franz’ own attempts at
employment seem to prove the point. After failing to sell street goods, robbed
(of his products and his honor) by his partner Otto Lüders in his attempt at
selling shoelaces, and later arousing the hate of acquaintances for his attempt
to sell the Nazi Party newspaper Völkischer
Beobachter, Franz has few choices. The women of this society, moreover,
have even fewer choices if they want to survive and find protection,
particularly if they are independent minded such as Eva and Meize.
Yet, somehow, these answers do not quite
explain the strange attraction of the central figure of Fassbinder’s work for
these strong feminine figures, particularly given the fact that Franz is also
often passive in his choices of his companions, continually refusing Eva’s
sexual advances and allowing himself to casually take-up with Reinhold’s
cast-offs. While I am sure that some readers and viewers will perceive this
apparently casual approach to sex as simply shocking, revealing the cultural
decadence of the Weimar Berlin, to others such as me, it represents a
disconcerting desperation of all those involved. Sex in such a world, even in
the lurid perversity of the block-long open brothel through which Franz often
wanders of his way to and from his apartment, seems less licentious and
alluring than it suggests a kind of bored detachment from all real sensuality.
Even the barker for the Great Whore of Babylon has difficulty finding clients,
as we watch him, upon one occasion, dispassionately kissing and snuggling up
against one of his own transsexual “offerings.” What is almost just as
interesting about Döblin’s and Fassbinder’s representation of Berlin is the
complete absence of the numerous gay and boy prostitutes with which the city
seems to be teaming in other works I’ve written about in this volume. In fact,
Franz’ strange determination to sell the homosexual texts of the noted
homosexual scholar Magnus Hirschfeld, ends in an absolutely homophobic furor
from his current girlfriend.
Of course, we might explain the absence
of such other sexual interests in Fassbinder’s work as having to do with his
refocusing upon the relationship between Franz and Reinhold. One of the major
questions of the film, accordingly, has to do with comprehending just what that
relationship is. Why, in a world (which includes the viewer) where everyone
recognizes the serpent-like evil-doings of Reinhold Hoffmann (Gottfried John)
does Franz—even after he himself having lost an arm after being thrown from a
truck by the villain—remain so loyal to this hound-eyed, doggèd villain.
Despite what appears in the film to be an immediate connection between the two
beings, very much like sudden attraction that occurs between gay males who
immediately like what they see—wherein, in this case, Franz mistakes him for a
man who, like himself, has served time in prison—Fassbinder determinedly
insists “it’s by no means a question of something sexual between two people of
the same gender: Franz Biberkopf and Reinhold are in no way homosexual—they
don’t have problems in this area even in the broadest sense; nothing points to
that."
While superficially that may be true,
Fassbinder, however, goes out of his way to hint at sexual intimations between
them. They do most of their talking together and plotting in the bar’s men’s
bathroom, each of them simultaneously urinating and often sharing a towel
after. Yes, they talk often about
women, they speak without saying it of Reinhold’s disgust of women, his
misogynistic attitude to them. For Reinhold cannot bear to have a woman
companion more than a week or two at most before he becomes utterly disgusted
by his current mate. While Franz clearly loves woman (although, as I noted
above, sometimes rather passively), he is not without his own sexual
eccentricities. As more than one critic as noted, his name, Bieberkopf, meaning
“Beaver head,” when connected with the obscene description of a woman’s vagina,
might be retranslated, as former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
recently described gays, as being a “girly boy” or a man with womanly mind and behavior.
Indeed, when Mieze has appeared to leave him, we witness this determinedly
heterosexual dressed up in his lover’s clothing, lip-stick smeared across his
face (an image repeated, more recently, in Clint Eastwood’s 2011 film J. Edgar, in which the seemingly
homophobic FBI director, who spent nearly every evening with his assistant
Clyde Tolson, dresses up as his own mother after her death).
Indeed, we need only to think back at the
image of Franz’ face smiling up with a near insane admiration of Reinhold the
moment before this satan attempts to toss his friend to his death, to realize
that there is definitely something queer about their friendship. While the
novel hints at Reinhold’s later love for his Polish prison roommate,
Fassbinder, in his Epilogue, absolutely revels in Reinhold’s gentle kisses and
embracement of his naked male lover, suggesting that only now has Reinhold
begun to comprehend why he was previously so disappointed with his women
lovers, pretending to himself, as he was, to enjoy heterosexual love while denying
what he himself could not even imagined, the pleasures of male flesh.
For Franz, his love of Reinhold is not
actual a sexual desire but an aspect, perhaps, of his personal machoism, his
basic desire to be punished by someone for the sins he continues to be unable
to resist. If Reinhold is a sexual being for him, it is as an agent of torture
and even death; unfortunately, without his even knowing it, Franz has offered
up his beloved Meize to the Anvil himself by—in a very sexually bizarre
situation—hiding Reinhold in his own bed in order to demonstrate how loyal to
him his Meize is. Like a scene out of some Mozart opera, his lover instead
admits of her love of another man, in reaction to which Franz nearly acts out
Reinhold’s later murder of the sweetest and most honest being in Berlin Alexanderplatz
If Reinhold is a near mythical force in
this work, however, like all of the work’s characters, he is also suggested as
having a human history, which, in order to comprehend his destructive gestures,
we need to know. But here, unlike Franz, we get only little hints. Surely his
belief that he is among the sinners and his insistence that Franz accompany him
to, quite unbelievably, a Salvation Army meeting, to which Reinhold reacts with
fascination and utter terror as the sinners are called forth to sit upon the
sinner’s bench, reveals some of his inner confusion. We know he’s evil; he
knows he’s evil. But why does he still seek out redemption? Might we ever
imagine Iago to seek out serious solace, even for a second, within a church
pew?
And then there is Reinhold’s stutter, an
affliction so severe that, at moments in the film, he becomes nearly
speechless, particularly when encountering Franz after the “accident.” The
stutter can only hint at a vast disconnect with the world about him, an
apparent childhood incident that, despite his dangerous behavior, shows up his
fears and weaknesses. Franz, it is clear, loves Reinhold, in part, because of
his tortured conscience and his inability to speak straightforwardly with dramatic
authority. Reinhold, of course, is a kind of precursor of the Nazi world that
is already on the horizon, a kind of Hitler without the bluster and buff. A man
who, despite all of his evil intentions, expressed himself in terms of someone
who was tortured and suffered—which, of course, was much the way Hitler, as he
expressed it in Mein Kampf, portrayed himself.
Who was Reinhold before the events of Berlin Alexanderplatz we necessarily
ask? And so too does the trying judge ask Franz: “Did you know about his past?”
Franz pleads no knowledge—and as far as I can tell, we get no clue by fiction’s
end. Was he too, like Franz, severely traumatized or, like a bad seed, simply
traumatized others from his birth?
Yet, these very scenes, we must recall,
coming as they do in Fassbinder’s “over the top” Epilogue may be merely
imaginary, a thing of Franz’ delirious imagination. While I would argue that
Fassbinder’s grandiose cinematic melodrama makes for brilliant cinema, his
semi-surreal Epilogue creates all sorts of problems, particularly in its use of
kitsch and often outright silly Jungian, Freudian, and psycho-babble metaphors
expressing Franz Bieberkopf’s psychological breakdown and the reconfiguration
of his sanity. While Fassbinder, at moments, brings many of the work’s multi-faceted
images together, weaving them into a slightly different warp and woof of
previously more naturalistically presented “reality,” many of these images seem
like a bit like tourist snapshots of an incredibly amateur production of the
German Oberammergau Passion Play. Angels, male and female, walk Franz through a
kind of circus-like recounting of his life.
Franz, as Christ, is hung upon the cross before all the women he
previously loved, He, Meize and others, are hung up upon butcher’s hooks and
eviscerated like cows and pigs. Reinhold whips him while a sun-glassed
Fassbinder crouches around the corner. Again we hear stories from Job, the
famed tale of Abraham offering up his son to God. Frau Bast carries a puppet of
Bieberkopf wearing a Nazi armband. An Atomic bomb explodes in the background,
with music by Janis Joplin and Lou Reed accompanying it, as everyone
melodramatically falls to the ground, the angels scurrying in to carry them
off.
In other scenes, German psychologists of
the day offer up trite evaluations of Franz’ condition, suggesting shock
therapy or even a complete abandonment of any attempt to save him from
starvation.
In short, this “hyper-dramatic” ending
turns much of what the director has carefully built up through
naturalistic-expressionist depictions into pure camp, almost as if the director
were throwing up his arms in despair of trying further to deal with his
everyday heo.. Upon his cure, as Döblin also put it, the character no longer
matters. He is now hired as an ordinary watch man, akin to the prison guard who
first sent off into this post-Edenic world. Although Franz is determined to be
on the lookout, guarding the wealthy garage of cars, we can be sure that, once
again, he will be unable to figure out what’s going on. And the film ends with
a flourish of the Horst Wessel Lied, the Nazi Party anthem--
Clear the streets for the brown
battalions,
Clear the
streets for the storm division!
Millions are
looking upon the swastika full of hope,
The day of
freedom and of bread dawns!
Millions are
looking upon the swastika full of hope,
The day of
freedom and of bread dawns! —
clamoring
against the strains of the Communist Party’s Internationale!
If, in the end, accordingly, this great
film seems almost to spin off into a series of contradictory possibilities,
Fassbinder and we, quite obviously, have the advantage of Döblin in knowing
precisely what happened. And given the consequences of the next decade, Franz—
except for his representation of the German everyday man—truly is
inconsequential. Yet those who have seen other, earlier Fassbinder films, know
that the director is hardly disinterested in how Franz came out of the war. In
film after film, Fassbinder returns to Döblin’s highly influential film, a work
which he himself describes as not only helping him to “ethical maturation” but literary
permitted him survival during his turbulent puberty:
…Berlin Alexanderplatz didn’t only help me in something like
a process of ethical
maturation. No, it also provided genuine,
naked, concrete life support
when I was really at risk during
puberty, because I was able to
apply the story to my own
problems and dilemmas,
oversimplifying, of course; I read it
as a story of two men whose little bit of
life on this earth is
ruined because they don’t have the
opportunity to get up the
courage even to recognize, let
alone admit, that they like each
other in an unusual way. Love each
other somehow, that some-
thing mysterious ties them to
each other more closely than is
general considered suitable
for men.
If dozens of questions still remain
unanswered at the end of Fassbinder’s Berlin
Alexanderplatz, we still have many others of works to turn to in order to
help comprehend the complex tale which we have just experienced. In one of his
earliest films, Love is Colder Than Death
(1969), a character named Franz (played by Fassbinder) shares a prostitute with
a male criminal friend to whom he clearly more attracted than the woman. In the
1970 film Gods of the Plauge, another
Franz (Harry Baer this time around) is released from prison and, like Döblin’s
Franz attempts to start a new life, but soon through his relationship with
another man and the criminal underworld is swallowed up into a destructive
world from which there is no escape. The
American Soldier (also from 1970) shares
many of the same patterns of sexual longing between to long time male friends
as between Franz and Reinhold, again ending in a gangster like violence. Beware of the Holy Whore although set in
a Spanish hotel, presents its characters very much in the same kind
claustrophobic world inhabited by the figures of Berlin Alexanderplatz The central character of The Merchant of Four Seasons (1971), like Franz, is forced to live
by selling fruit on the street, and, after beating his wife and suffering a
heart attack, is left, like Franz incapable to keeping his wife away from
another vendor he has hired to replace him.
Finally, in Fox and His Friends (1975)—the
work most obvious in its parallels with Döblin’s book—Fassbinder again takes on
the role of a character named, this time full out, Franz Bieberkopf, who,
working as a carney mind-reader, Fox, wins the lottery only to fall in with
better-off gay acquaintances who trick him out of all his winnings and leave
him presumably to die face down on the underground floor.
And, indeed, in nearly all of his films
Fassbinder weaves in elements of the great Döblin fiction. In short, one might
argue that his longer Berlin
Alexanderplatz, were it not so determined in its attempts to winnow down
the actual plot of the 1929 work, as merely another version of his ongoing
commitment to explore a Germany filled with Franz’s, men who never growing up, are
easily fooled by the society spinning around them. Yet if Franz is ever the
fool in these works, he is also a kind of Christ, a holy fool for whom we
cannot but feel love and some real sympathy. For he is every one of us who
dreams of being more than we know how to be, who imagine joining a society that
is more caring and purer than the one in which we must everyday make our peace.
In his incurable optimism Franz may be an idiot, but he is a hero in his
ability to transcend the crude cynicism also central to Fassbinder’s campy, melodramatic
worlds. As I have argued for Stella in Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, (see My
Year 2002) Franz is the being who brings all the other hysterical types
seem almost real, anchoring Fassbinder’s great cinematic achievement to life here
on earth.
Los Angeles,
August 24, 2016
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